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Studying can be very stressful leading to a decreased academic efficacy. Further, we identified the personality types of students who choose specific leisure activities as a strategy to stress reduction and determined how the use of leisure behaviours affects academic performance among students with different personality types. Multivariate regression analyses were applied to estimate the moderation effects. In total, students were included in the study.
Social activities were found to have a direct effect on academic efficacy. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Datasets used in the present study are not publicly available due to strict German data protection regulations and the guidelines of the ethics committee of Luebeck University. The data contain sensitive information about the participants' mental health and the participants have not given their informed consent. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Studying is perceived as a stressful task by many students [ 1 , 2 ].
In addition, regarding their stage of life, students have to cope with new challenges and uncertainties, as for example the process of identity formation and organizational challenges associated with living alone for the first time [ 4 , 8 ]. Chronic stress exposure can lead to psychological problems, such as depression and anxiety symptoms, which can increase the risk of suicide [ 9 ]. In many studies, students have shown increased scores for burnout [ 1 , 10 ]. The high demands of studying leads students to feel emotionally exhausted and to adopt a cynical, distanced attitude toward the content of their studies.
A feeling of being incompetent can further reduce the motivation to study leading to a performance deterioration [ 11 ] with increased perceived stress [ 12 ]. This vicious cycle can result in burnout and prompt students to abandon their studies [ 13 ]. Academic success and life satisfaction are positively associated with health-promoting strategies for coping with stress [ 14 ]. To cope with the stress of studying and thus to maintain or increase their performance during their studies, students use different stress management strategies, including the individual organization of leisure time behaviour according to their preferences [ 15 ].
